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JD9003 |
| Titanium
is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the
symbol Ti and atomic number 22. It is
a light, strong, lustrous, corrosion-resistant (including
resistance to sea water and chlorine) transition metal
with a white-silvery-metallic color. Titanium is used
in strong light-weight alloys (most notably with iron
and aluminium) and its most common compound, titanium
dioxide, is used in white pigments. Examples in which
white pigment, consisting of titanium oxide, is used,
is tippex and commonly used white paint to repaint walls.
Substances containing titanium are called titaniferous.
Titanium's properties are chemically and physically similar
to zirconium. |
Contents
• 1Notable characteristics
• 2 Applications
• 3 History
• 4 Occurrence and production
• 5 Precautions
|
 |
General |
| Namr, Symbol, Number |
titanium, Ti, 22 |
| Chemical series |
transition metals |
| Group, Period, Block |
4, 4, d |
| Appearance |
silvery metallic |
| Atomic mass |
47.8678(1)g/mol |
| Electron configuration |
[Ar] 3d2 4s2 |
| Electrons per shell |
2, 8, 10, 2 |
Physical
properties |
| Phase |
solid |
| Density(near r.t.) |
4.506 g/cm³ |
| Liquid density at m.p. |
4.11 g/cm³ |
| Melting point |
1941 K
(1668 °C, 3034 °F) |
| Boiling point |
3560 K
(3287 °C, 5949 °F) |
| Heat of fusion |
14.15kJ/mol |
| Heat of vaporization |
425 kJ/mol |
| Heat capacity |
(25 °C) 25.060 J/(mol•K) |
P/Pa |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1
k |
10
k |
100
k |
|
|
| Notable
characteristics |
Item # JT339 |
Titanium
is well known for its excellent corrosion resistance (almost
as resistant asplatinum), being able to withstand attack
by acids, moist chlorine gas, and by common salt solutions.
Pure titanium is not soluble in water but is soluble in
concentrated acids. A metallic element, it is also well-known
for its high strength-to-weight ratio. It is a light,
strong metal with low density (60% as dense as steel)
that, when pure, is quite ductile (especially in an oxygen-free
environment), easy to work, lustrous, and metallic-white
in colour. The relatively high melting point of this element
makes it useful as a refrectory metal. Titanium is as
strong as steel, but 43% lighter; it is 60% heavier than
aluminium, but twice as strong; however these numbers
can vary a little because of the use of different alloys.
These properties make titanium very resistant to the usual
kinds of metal fatigue.
This metal forms a passive but protective oxide coating
(leading to corrosion-resistance) when exposed to elevated
temperatures in air but at room temperatures it resists
tarnishing. The metal, which burns when heated in air
610 °C or higher (forming titanium dioxide) is also
one of the only elements that burn in pure nitrogen gas
(it burns at 800 °C and forms titanium nitride). Titanium
is resistant to dilute sulfuric and hydrochloric acid,
along with chlorine gas, chloride solutions, and most
organic acids. It is paramagnetic (weakly attracted to
magnets) and has a very low electrical and therminal conductivity.
Experiments have shown that natural titanium becomes veryradioactive
after it is bombarded withdeuterons, emitting mainly positrons
and hard gamma rays. The metal is a dimorphic allotrope
with the hexagonal alpha form changing into the cubic
beta form very slowly at around 880 °C. When it is
red hot the metal combines with oxygen, and when it reaches
550 °C it combines with chlorine. It also reacts with
the other halogens and absorbs hudrogen.
|
| Applications |
Item # JD9003-2 |
Approximately
95% of titanium production is consumed in the form of
titanum dioxide (TiO2), an intensely white permanent pigment
with good covering power in paints,paper,tootpaste, and
plactics. Paints made with titanium dioxide are excellent
reflectors ofinfarared radiation and are therefore used
extensively by astronomers and in exterior paints. It
is also used in cement, in gemstones, and as a strengthening
filler in paper. Recently, it has been put to use in air
purifiers (as a filter coating) or in window film on buildings
which when exposed to UV light (either solar or man-made)
and moisture content in the air converts unfiltered air
pollution into hydroxyl radicals.
Because of its very hightensile strength (even at high
temperatures), light weight, extraordinary corrosion resistance,
and ability to withstand extreme temperatures, titanium
alloys are principally used in aircraft, armour plating,
naval ships, spececraft and missiles. It is used in steel
alloy alloys to reduce grain size and as a deoxidiser
but in stainless steel it is employed to reduce carbon
content. Titanium is often alloyed with aliminium (to
refine grain size), vanadium,copper (to harden), iron,manganese,
molibdenum and with other metals.
Welded Titanium pipe is used in the chemical industry
for its corrosion resistance and is seeing growing use
in petroleum drilling especially offshore for its strength,
light weight and corrosion resistance.
Use of titanium in consumer products such astennis racquets,
golf clubs,bicycles,laboratory equipment, wedding
bands, and laptop computers is becoming more common.
Titanium has occasionally been used in construction: the
150-foot (45 m) memorial to Yuri Gagarin, the first man
to travel in space, in Moscow, is made of titanium for
the metal's attractive colour and association with rocketry.
The Guggenheim Museum Bilbao and the Cerritos Library
were the first buildings, respectively, in Europe and
North America to be sheathed in titanium panels. |
| History |
| Discovered by: |
William Gregor |
| Discovered at: |
England |
| Origin of name: |
Named after the "Titans",
(the sons of the Earth goddess in Greek mythology) |
|
Titanium
(Latin Titans, Earth or the first sons of Gaia) was discovered
in England by Reverend William Gregor in 1791. He recognised
the presence of a new element in ilmenite, and named it
menachite. At around the same time, Franz Joseph Muller
also produced a similar substance, but could not identify
it. The element was independently rediscovered several
years later by German chemist Martin Heinrich Klaproth
in rutile ore. Klaproth confirmed it as a new element
and in 1795 he named it for the Latin word for Earth (also
the name for the Titans of Greek mythology).
The metal has always been difficult to extract from its
various ores. Pure metallic titanium (99.9%) was first
prepared in 1910 by Matthew A. Hunter by heating TiCl4
with sodium in a steel bomb at 700–800 °C in
the Hunter process. Titanium metal was not used outside
the laboratory until 1946 when William Justin Kroll proved
that titanium could be commercially produced by reducing
titanium tetrachloride with magnesium in the Kroll process
which is the method still used today.
In 1950–1960s the Soviet Union attempted to corner
the world titanium market as a tactic in the Cold War
to prevent the American military from utilising it. In
spite of these efforts, the U.S obtained large quantities
of titanium when a European company set up a front for
the U.S. foreign intelligence agencies to purchase it. |
Occurrence
and production
Item # J9013 |
| Titanium
metal is not found unbound to other elements in nature
but the element is the ninth most abundant element in
the Earth's crust (0.63% by mass) and is present in most
ignerous rocks and in sediments derived from them (as
well as in living things and natural bodies of water).
It is widely distributed and occurs primarily in the mineral
anatase, brookite, illiminate, perovskite,ritile,titanite
(sphene), as well in many iron ores. Of these minerals,
only ilmenite and rutile have significant economic importance,
yet even they are difficult to find in high concentrations.
Because it reacts easily with oxygen and carbon at high
temperatures it is difficult to prepare pure titanium
metal , crystals, or powder. Significant titanium ore
deposits are in Australia, Scandinavia, North America
and Malaysia. |
Producer |
Thousands
of tons |
%
of total |
Australia |
1291.0 |
30.6 |
South Africa
|
850.0 |
20.1 |
| Canada |
767.0 |
18.2 |
Norway |
382.9 |
9.1 |
| Ukraine |
357.0 |
8.5 |
Total:
top 5 |
3647.9 |
86.4 |
| Total
world |
4221.0 |
100.0 |
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This metal
is found in meteorites and has been detected in the sun
and in M-type stars. Rocks brought back from the moon
during the Appolo 17 mission are composed of 12.1% TiO2.
Titanium is also found in coal ash,plants, and even the
human body.
Because the metal reacts with air at high temperatures
it can not be produced by reduction of its dioxide. Titanium
metal is therefore produced commercially by the Kroll
process; a complex, and expensive batch process developed
in 1946 by William Justin Kroll. |
Precautions
When in a metallic powdered form,
titanium metal poses a significant fire hazard and,
when heated inair, an explosion hazard. Water and carbon
dioxide-based methods to extinguish fires are ineffective
on burning titanium; sand, dirt, or special foams must
be used instead. Salts of titanium are often considered
to be relatively harmless but its chlorine compounds,
such as TiCl2, TiCl3 and TiCl4, have unusual hazards.
The dichloride takes the form of pyrophoric black crystals,
and the tetrachloride is a volatile fuming liquid. All
of titanium's chlorides are corrosive. Titanium also
has a tendency to bio-accumulate in tissues that contain
silica but it does not play any known biological
role in humans.
View our beautiful
titanium jewelry. |
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